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`!Linear predictive coding`! (`!LPC`!) is a method used mostly in `F33f`_`[audio signal processing`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Audio_signal_processing]`_`f and `F33f`_`[speech processing`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Speech_processing]`_`f for representing the `F33f`_`[spectral envelope`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Spectral_envelope]`_`f of a `F33f`_`[digital`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Digital_data]`_`f `F33f`_`[signal`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Signal_(information_theory)]`_`f of `F33f`_`[speech`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Speech_communication]`_`f in `F33f`_`[compressed`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Data_compression]`_`f form, using the information of a `F33f`_`[linear`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Linear_prediction]`_`f `F33f`_`[predictive model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Predictive_modelling]`_`f.`:cite-ref-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-2[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-2]`_`f]

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[Overview`#overview]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Early history`#early-history]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[LPC coefficient representations`#lpc-coefficient-representations]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Applications`#applications]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[See also`#see-also]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Further reading`#further-reading]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[External links`#external-links]`_`f

-─

>>Overview

LPC starts with the assumption that a speech signal is produced by a buzzer at the end of a tube (for `F33f`_`[voiced`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Voice_(phonetics)]`_`f sounds), with occasional added hissing and popping sounds (for `F33f`_`[voiceless`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Voicelessness]`_`f sounds such as `F33f`_`[sibilants`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Sibilant]`_`f and `F33f`_`[plosives`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Plosive]`_`f). Although apparently crude, this `F33f`_`[Source–filter model`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Source–filter_model]`_`f is actually a close approximation of the reality of speech production. The `F33f`_`[glottis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Glottis]`_`f (the space between the vocal folds) produces the buzz, which is characterized by its intensity (`F33f`_`[loudness`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Loudness]`_`f) and `F33f`_`[frequency`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Frequency]`_`f (pitch). The `F33f`_`[vocal tract`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Vocal_tract]`_`f (the throat and mouth) forms the tube, which is characterized by its resonances; these resonances give rise to `F33f`_`[formants`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Formant]`_`f, or enhanced frequency bands in the sound produced. Hisses and pops are generated by the action of the tongue, lips and throat during sibilants and plosives.

LPC analyzes the speech signal by estimating the formants, removing their effects from the speech signal, and estimating the intensity and frequency of the remaining buzz. The process of removing the formants is called inverse filtering, and the remaining signal after the subtraction of the filtered modeled signal is called the residue.

The numbers which describe the intensity and frequency of the buzz, the formants, and the residue signal, can be stored or transmitted somewhere else. LPC synthesizes the speech signal by reversing the process: use the buzz parameters and the residue to create a source signal, use the formants to create a filter (which represents the tube), and run the source through the filter, resulting in speech.

Because speech signals vary with time, this process is done on short chunks of the speech signal, which are called frames; generally, 30 to 50 frames per second give an intelligible speech with good compression.

>>Early history

Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when `F33f`_`[Norbert Wiener`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Norbert_Wiener]`_`f developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best `F33f`_`[filters`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Wiener_filter]`_`f and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.`:cite-ref-3[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-3]`_`f]`:cite-ref-sasahira-4-0[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-sasahira-4]`_`f] Soon after `F33f`_`[Claude Shannon`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Claude_Shannon]`_`f established a `F33f`_`[general theory of coding`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication]`_`f, work on predictive coding was done by `F33f`_`[C. Chapin Cutler`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=C._Chapin_Cutler]`_`f,`:cite-ref-5[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-5]`_`f] `F33f`_`[Bernard M. Oliver`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bernard_M._Oliver]`_`f`:cite-ref-6[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-6]`_`f] and Henry C. Harrison.`:cite-ref-7[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-7]`_`f] `F33f`_`[Peter Elias`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Peter_Elias]`_`f in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.`:cite-ref-8[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-8]`_`f]`:cite-ref-9[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-9]`_`f]

Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by `F33f`_`[Fumitada Itakura`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Fumitada_Itakura]`_`f of `F33f`_`[Nagoya University`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Nagoya_University]`_`f and Shuzo Saito of `F33f`_`[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone]`_`f in 1966 and in 1967 by `F33f`_`[Bishnu S. Atal`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bishnu_S._Atal]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Manfred R. Schroeder`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Manfred_R._Schroeder]`_`f and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on `F33f`_`[maximum likelihood estimation`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Maximum_likelihood_estimation]`_`f; Atal and Schroeder described an `F33f`_`[adaptive linear predictor`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Adaptive_filter]`_`f approach; Burg outlined an approach based on `F33f`_`[principle of maximum entropy`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Maximum_entropy_spectral_estimation]`_`f.`:cite-ref-sasahira-4-1[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-sasahira-4]`_`f]`:cite-ref-10[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-10]`_`f]`:cite-ref-11[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-11]`_`f]`:cite-ref-12[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-12]`_`f]

In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on `F33f`_`[partial correlation`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Partial_correlation]`_`f (PARCOR), `F33f`_`[Glen Culler`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Glen_Culler]`_`f proposed real-time speech encoding, and `F33f`_`[Bishnu S. Atal`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bishnu_S._Atal]`_`f presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the `F33f`_`[Acoustical Society of America`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Acoustical_Society_of_America]`_`f. In 1971, realtime LPC using `F33f`_`[16-bit`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=16-bit_computing]`_`f LPC hardware was demonstrated by `F33f`_`[Philco-Ford`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Philco-Ford]`_`f; four units were sold.`:cite-ref-gray-13-0[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-gray-13]`_`f] LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and `F33f`_`[Manfred Schroeder`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Manfred_Schroeder]`_`f during the 1970s–1980s.`:cite-ref-gray-13-1[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-gray-13]`_`f] In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath `*et al.`* of BBN developed the first `F33f`_`[variable-rate`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Variable_bitrate]`_`f LPC algorithm.`:cite-ref-gray-13-2[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-gray-13]`_`f] The same year, Atal and `F33f`_`[Manfred R. Schroeder`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Manfred_R._Schroeder]`_`f at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech `F33f`_`[codec`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Codec]`_`f called `F33f`_`[adaptive predictive coding`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Adaptive_predictive_coding]`_`f, which used a `F33f`_`[psychoacoustic`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Psychoacoustic]`_`f coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.`:cite-ref-schroeder2014-14-0[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-schroeder2014-14]`_`f]`:cite-ref-15[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-15]`_`f] This later became the basis for the `F33f`_`[perceptual coding`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Perceptual_coding]`_`f technique used by the `F33f`_`[MP3`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=MP3]`_`f `F33f`_`[audio compression`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Audio_compression_(data)]`_`f format, introduced in 1993.`:cite-ref-schroeder2014-14-1[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-schroeder2014-14]`_`f] `F33f`_`[Code-excited linear prediction`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Code-excited_linear_prediction]`_`f (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.`:cite-ref-16[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-16]`_`f]

LPC is the basis for `F33f`_`[voice-over-IP`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Voice-over-IP]`_`f (VoIP) technology.`:cite-ref-gray-13-3[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-gray-13]`_`f] In 1972, `F33f`_`[Bob Kahn`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bob_Kahn]`_`f of `F33f`_`[ARPA`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency]`_`f with Jim Forgie of `F33f`_`[Lincoln Laboratory`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lincoln_Laboratory]`_`f (LL) and Dave Walden of `F33f`_`[BBN Technologies`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=BBN_Technologies]`_`f started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 `F33f`_`[bit`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bit]`_`f/`F33f`_`[s`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Second]`_`f LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the `F33f`_`[ARPANET`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ARPANET]`_`f at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory.

>>LPC coefficient representations

LPC is frequently used for transmitting spectral envelope information, and as such it has to be tolerant of transmission errors. Transmission of the filter coefficients directly (see `F33f`_`[linear prediction`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Linear_prediction]`_`f for a definition of coefficients) is undesirable, since they are very sensitive to errors. In other words, a very small error can distort the whole spectrum, or worse, a small error might make the prediction filter unstable.

There are more advanced representations such as `F33f`_`[log area ratios`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Log_area_ratio]`_`f (LAR), `F33f`_`[line spectral pairs`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Line_spectral_pairs]`_`f (LSP) decomposition and `F33f`_`[reflection coefficients`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Reflection_coefficient]`_`f. Of these, especially LSP decomposition has gained popularity since it ensures the stability of the predictor, and spectral errors are local for small coefficient deviations.

>>Applications

LPC is the most widely used method in `F33f`_`[speech coding`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Speech_coding]`_`f and `F33f`_`[speech synthesis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Speech_synthesis]`_`f.`:cite-ref-17[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-17]`_`f] It is generally used for speech analysis and resynthesis. It is used as a form of voice compression by phone companies, such as in the `F33f`_`[GSM`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=GSM]`_`f standard, for example. It is also used for `F33f`_`[secure`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=COMSEC]`_`f wireless, where voice must be `F33f`_`[digitized`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Digitize]`_`f, `F33f`_`[encrypted`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Encryption]`_`f and sent over a narrow voice channel; an early example of this is the US government's `F33f`_`[Navajo I`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Navajo_I]`_`f.

LPC synthesis can be used to construct `F33f`_`[vocoders`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Vocoder]`_`f where musical instruments are used as an excitation signal to the time-varying filter estimated from a singer's speech. This is somewhat popular in `F33f`_`[electronic music`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Electronic_music]`_`f. `F33f`_`[Paul Lansky`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Paul_Lansky]`_`f made the well-known computer music piece `F33f`_`[notjustmoreidlechatter`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Notjustmoreidlechatter]`_`f using linear predictive coding.`:cite-ref-18[`F5bf`_`[18`#cite-note-18]`_`f] A 10th-order LPC was used in the popular 1980s `F33f`_`[Speak & Spell`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Speak_&_Spell_(game)]`_`f educational toy.

LPC predictors are used in `F33f`_`[Shorten`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Shorten_(file_format)]`_`f, `F33f`_`[MPEG-4 ALS`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=MPEG-4_ALS]`_`f, `F33f`_`[FLAC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=FLAC]`_`f, `F33f`_`[SILK`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=SILK]`_`f `F33f`_`[audio codec`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Audio_codec]`_`f, and other `F33f`_`[lossless`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lossless_compression]`_`f audio codecs.

LPC has received some attention as a tool for use in the tonal analysis of violins and other stringed musical instruments.`:cite-ref-tai-19-0[`F5bf`_`[19`#cite-note-tai-19]`_`f]

>>See also

• `F33f`_`[Akaike information criterion`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Akaike_information_criterion]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Audio compression`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Audio_compression_(data)]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Code-excited linear prediction`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Code-excited_linear_prediction]`_`f (CELP)

• `F33f`_`[FS-1015`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=FS-1015]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[FS-1016`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=FS-1016]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Generalized filtering`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Generalized_filtering]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Linear prediction`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Linear_prediction]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Linear predictive analysis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Linear_predictive_analysis]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Pitch estimation`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Pitch_estimation]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Warped linear predictive coding`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Warped_linear_predictive_coding]`_`f

>>References

`:cite-note-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-1]`_`f `:citerefdengdouglas-o-shaughnessy2003`aDeng, Li; Douglas O'Shaughnessy (2003). `*Speech processing: a dynamic and optimization-oriented approach`*. `F33f`_`[Marcel Dekker`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Marcel_Dekker]`_`f. pp. 41–48. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-8247-4040-5.

`:cite-note-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-2]`_`f `:citerefbeigi-homayoon2011`aBeigi, Homayoon (2011). `*Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition`*. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-387-77591-3.

`:cite-note-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-3]`_`f `:citerefb-s-atal2006`aB.S. Atal (2006). "The history of linear prediction". `*IEEE Signal Processing Magazine`*. `!23`! (2): 154–161. `F33f`_`[Bibcode`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bibcode_(identifier)]`_`f:2006ISPM...23..154A. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 15601493.

`:cite-note-sasahira-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-sasahira-4-0]`_`f `:citerefy-sasahiras-hashimoto1995`aY. Sasahira; S. Hashimoto (1995). "Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre" (pdf). Michigan Publishing. `B100`F9d9{{cite journal}}`f`b: Cite journal requires `B100`F9d9|journal=`f`b (help)

`:cite-note-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-5]`_`f `:citerefc-c-cutler1952`aUS 2605361, C. C. Cutler, "Differential quantization of communication signals", published 1952-07-29

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>>Further reading

• `:citerefo-shaughnessy1988`aO'Shaughnessy, D. (1988). "Linear predictive coding". `*IEEE Potentials`*. `!7`! (1): 29–32. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1109/45.1890. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 12786562.

• `:citerefbundywallen1984`a`F33f`_`[Bundy, Alan`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Alan_Bundy]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Wallen, Lincoln`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lincoln_Wallen]`_`f (1984). "Linear Predictive Coding". `*Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools`*. Symbolic Computation. p. 61. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-3-540-13938-6.

• `:citerefel-jaroudi2003`aEl-Jaroudi, Amro (2003). "Linear Predictive Coding". `*Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications`*. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1002/0471219282.eot155. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0471219286.

>>External links

• real-time LPC analysis/synthesis learning software

• 30 years later Dr Richard Wiggins Talks Speak & Spell development

• Robert M. Gray, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Distinguished Lecturer Program

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